The Bank for International Settlements looked under the hood of decentralized finance (DeFi) in a new working paper and introduced the DeFi stack reference (DSR) model to illustrate the technology’s functionality and risks. The report discussed the integration of DeFi with traditional finance and suggested ways to assess its risks during that integration.
The paper examined the architecture, technical primitives and functionalities of DeFi protocols in considerable technical detail. “A deep understanding of DeFi is still lacking in many circles,” the authors wrote, “which calls for a specific framework for an improved working knowledge of the technology.”
The effort is worthwhile, the paper argued, because of DeFi’s innovation:
“It is still unclear if and to what extent DeFi will proliferate in the future. […] Nevertheless, we consider DeFi a relevant development because it harnesses innovative technology that might shape the future financial ecosystem.”
Algorithmic automation, “competitive financial engineering” and transparency “are of interest well beyond cryptocurrency markets,” the paper said. By competitive engineering the authors meant composability, the combining of smart contracts to form complex and unique financial products.
The DSR model divides DeFi into three layers: interface, application and settlement, with sublayers allowing for the variation seen across DeFi technologies. The paper used a variety of tokens, blockchains and financial services in its examples. The run on Terra (LUNA) was discussed in detail for its informational value and as an example of the effectiveness of the authors’ investigation technique.
Related: Bank for International Settlements will test DeFi implementation in forex CBDC markets
This working paper appeared the same week as the World Economic Forum (WEF) released an overview of decentralized autonomous organizations. The two works are highly complementary, as the WEF publication was equally comprehensive but nontechnical.
#DeFi is a programmable financial ecosystem that lets users trade, lend and invest without relying on a central intermediary. This paper deep dives into the underlying technology, its economic potential and the related risks https://t.co/NLkvja6Not #Ethereum #blockchain #DLT pic.twitter.com/EnccGmmf93
– Bank for International Settlements (@BIS_org) January 19, 2023
The BIS regularly takes part in central bank digital currency research. It has taken a highly cautious stance on cryptocurrency. It recently imposed a 2% ceiling on crypto assets in reserves of internationally active banks, effective Jan. 1, 2025.